Glossary physical parts of the computer

Glossary physical parts of the computer

1) Current        

·         Alternating Current (AC)

Alternating current (AC) is an electric current which periodically reverses direction, in contrast to direct current (DC) which flows only in one direction. Alternating current is the form in which electric power is delivered to businesses and residences, and it is the form of electrical energy that consumers typically use when they plug kitchen appliances, televisions, fans and electric lamps into a wall socket. A common source of DC power is a battery cell in a flashlight. The abbreviations AC and DC are often used to mean simply alternating and direct, as when they modify current or voltage.

·         Direct Current (DC)

DC (direct current) is the unidirectional flow or movement of electric charge carriers (which are usually electrons). The intensity of the current can vary with time, but the general direction of movement stays the same at all times. As an adjective, the term DC is used in reference to voltage whose polarity never reverses.

 2)       

·         Input Devices

The devices which are used to give data and instructions to the computer are called Input Devices. Various types of input devices can be used with the computer depending upon the type of data you want to enter in the computer, e.g., keyboard, mouse, joystick, light pen, etc.

·          Keyboard 

It is the most commonly used input device. It is used to enter data and instructions directly into the computer. There are 104 buttons on the keyboard which are called keys.

·         Mouse

Mouse is another input device which is commonly found connected with the computers. It is basically a pointing device which works on the principle of Point and Click. When the mouse is moved on the mouse pad, a light beam underneath reflect to give motion to the pointer on the screen.

The mouse is used in windows based programs, where the user can run the commands by pointing the objects with the help of pointer and clicking the buttons on the mouse. We also use mouse for drawing in paint and kid pix.

Nowadays cordless mouse is very popular. it dose not have wires. it either uses Bluetooth technology to sends the data through the air to a receiver, usually plugged in USB port of the computer.

·         Joystick and Game-pad

Joystick and game-pad are also input devices which are also input devices which are used to control the movement of object on the screen. Just like mouse, these are also pointing devices. Mostly they are used for playing games on the computer.

The joystick has a vertical stick with a track ball at its bottom. While playing the games on the computer, the user needs to move the objects quickly on the screen. With the movement of this vertical stick the objects can be moved in all the directions easily.

A game-pad is a type of game controller held in two hands, where the fingers (especially thumbs) are used to provide input by pressing buttons on it. It is also known as Control Pad.

·         Scanner

We can store pictures, photographs, diagrams into the computer with the help of scanner. The scanner reads the image and saves it in the computer as a file.

·         Touchscreen

Touchscreen is a special computer screen that takes the input by sensing the touch of a human finger, gloved hand, stylus, pen or any other pointing device. The user gives instructions to the computer just by touching the screen.

·         Microphone

This is an input device which is used to record sound or voice into the computer system. You can store voice data in the computer by speaking in front of this device.

·         Output Devices

The devices which are used to display the results or information are called Output Devices. You can view the output on the monitor or you can print it on a paper using a printer. Monitor and the printer are the commonly used output devices.

·         Monitor

This is the most common output device connected with the computer to display the processed information. It looks like a TV and is also know as VDU(Visual Display Unit). Pictures are displayed by using a large number of very small dots on screen called pixels. The number of pixels that a monitor can show on its screen is referred to as the resolution of the screen.

The two commonly used monitor types are:

1. Cathode Ray Tube(CRT)Monitor

2. Liquid crystal Display(LCD)Monitor

The output produced on the screen is called Soft Copy Output because it cannot be retained for a long time.

Nowadays LCD monitors are more popular as their sharp picture quality. They are light weighted and flat screen monitors.

·         Printer

This is an important output device of the computer system. It gives a printed output of the results that appears on the monitor screen. Printed output is also called Hard Copy output because unlike monitor, this output can be preserved even if the computer is switched off.

Printers are of different types. On the basis of their printing techniques, printers are grouped as follows:

1. Character printer

2. Line printer

3. Page printer

Character Printer

Character printer prints one character at a time; it prints at the speed of around 30 to 600 characters per second.

Dot Matrix printer is an example of a character printer.

Dot Matrix Printer

This type of printer works like a typewriter. It creates an impression on the paper by pressing the end of pins fixed in its print heads, against an inked ribbon. This printer is noisy with a low print quality. Its speed is measured in CPS(Characters Per Second).

Line Printer

This is high speed printer that prints one line at a time. It is used when large quantity of output is required as it produces the quick output. Examples of a Line printer are Drum printer and the Chain printer. The noise level of these printers is high and speed ranges from 200 to 2000 LPM(Lines Per Minute).

Page Printer

Page Printer prints a whole page at a time. Examples of these printers are inkjet printer or a Line printer because it has to store each page in memory before printing it.

Inkjet Printer

This type of printer prints by spraying tiny ink droplets on the paper. It can print in both, color as well as black and white. The print quality of this printer is better than that of Dot Matrix Printer and it prints without making any noise. Its speed is measured in PPM(Pages Per Minute).

Laser printer

In this type of printer, laser beam technology is used to print the text or graphics on the paper. The speed of this printer is very fast and it gives out very fine quality prints. It’s speed is also measured in PPM.

·         Speaker

Speakers are categorised as output devices. These are used to listen to the music and sounds played by the computer. Normally they come in a pair and have different shapes and sizes.

     3)      Multimeter

A multimeter or a multitester, also known as a volt/ohm meter or VOM, is an electronic measuring instrument that combines several measurement functions in one unit. A typical multimeter may include features such as the ability to measure voltage, current and resistance. Multimeters may use analog or digital circuits—analog multimeters and digital multimeters (often abbreviated DMM or DVOM.) Analog instruments are usually based on a microammeter whose pointer moves over a scale calibration for all the different measurements that can be made; digital instruments usually display digits, but may display a bar of a length proportional to the quantity measured.

4)      Power cord

Alternatively referred to as a power cable, mains cable or flex, a power cord is the primary cable that provides power to the computer, printer, monitor, and components within a computer. In the image, is an example of the power cord that is commonly used with computers, monitors, printers, and other peripherals.

5)      Sources of power

Whether you own a desktop or laptop, your computer needs to be powered somehow. Since a computer is full of different types of electronic circuits, though, several of which operate at different voltages, a simple connection to a wall outlet simply will not suffice. To convert the electricity coming from the wall to something that the computer can use, the system requires a power supply unit.

·         AT

AT power scheme is the original power scheme that most of the older computers used. AT-style computer cases had a power button that is directly connected to the system computer power supply. Pushing the power button kills all the power instantly (whether the Operating System is ready for it or not!)

 

·         ATX

An ATX power supply is typically controlled by an electronic switch. Instead of a hard switch at the main power input, the power button on an ATX system is a sensor input monitored by the computer. ATX systems allow the Operating System to control the final “off” signal to the power supply; this gives the OS time to save all information and complete important tasks before turning off the power supply using a dedicated output signal (PS_ON#). ATX power supplies also support lower power modes. They have an additional “Standby” power output (5VSB) that stays on to power standby devices whenever the system goes into low-power mode.

 

·         Mini - ATX

Mini-ATX motherboards were designed with MoDT (Mobile on Desktop Technology) which adapt mobile CPUs for lower power requirements and less heat generation, which may be beneficial for home theater PCs (HTPC), in-car PCs, or industrial use.

6)      Source connectors

·         ATX 20/24 Pin

You can plug a 20 pin ATX power cable into a motherboard with a 24 pin ATX

connector The 24 pin motherboard connector is actually just the 20 pin

connector with 4 extra pins added on the end. The original 20 pins were

unchanged. The extra 4 pins are not separate rails. They're just extra lines

to provide more current to the same rails. I've never heard of exceptions

and it doesn't make sense for motherboard makers to create any.

·         ATX P4

The P4 connector is a 12V power supply cable used with motherboards that have an Intel Pentium 4 or later processor. Today, the connector is a standard power connector and is used with both Intel and AMD motherboards. As seen in the picture, the P4 cable has two black wires that serve as a ground and two yellow wires that are +12VDC and connect to a four pin connection on the motherboard.

·         Molex

Molex is  a power connector, which is the connector shown in the picture and is what connects your computer power supply to drives and devices inside the computer.

·         Sata

The Serial ATA or SATA connector is used as an interface for connecting a host bus adapter to a mass storage device or optical drive. This connector was designed to replace the older connectors, 34-pin, 40-pin, etc. This connection type is designed to communicate at much higher speeds than what were possible with the older connection styles. This connection is sometimes referred to as the SATA "L" due to the shape of the connector.

·         PCI Express

This cable is used to provide extra 12 volt power to PCI Express expansion cards. PCI Express motherboard slots can provide a maximum of 75 watts. Many video cards draw significantly more than 75 watts so the 6 pin PCI Express power cable was created. These high-power cards draw most of their power from the 12 volt rail so this cable provides only 12 volts.

7)      Motherboard

Alternatively referred to as the mb, mainboard, mboard, mobo, mobd, backplane board, base board, main circuit board, planar board, system board, or a logic board on Apple computers. The motherboard is a printed circuit board that is the foundation of a computer, located on the back side or at the bottom of the computer chassis. It allocates power and allows communication to the CPU, RAM, and all other computer hardware components.

8)      USB ports

·         USB 1.0

The original USB 1.0 specification, which was introduced in January 1996, defined data transfer rates of 1.5 Mbit/s "Low Speed" and 12 Mbit/s "Full Speed".The first widely used version of USB was 1.1, which was released in September 1998. The 12 Mbit/s data rate was intended for higher-speed devices such as disk drives, and the lower 1.5 Mbit/s rate for low data rate devices such as joysticks.

·         USB 2.0

The USB 2.0 specification was released in April 2000 and was standardized by the USB Implementers Forum (USB-IF) at the end of 2001. Hewlett-Packard, Intel, Lucent Technologies (now Alcatel-Lucent), NEC and Philips jointly led the initiative to develop a higher data transfer rate, with the resulting specification achieving 480 Mbit/s, a fortyfold increase over the original USB 1.1 specification. A high-speed (USB 2.0) rate of 480 Mbit/s (~57 MB/s) was introduced in 2001.

·         USB 3.0

He USB 3.0 specification was published on 12 November 2008. Its main goals were to increase the data transfer rate (up to 5Gbps), to decrease power consumption, to increase power output, and to be backwards-compatible with USB 2.0. USB 3.0 includes a new, higher speed bus called SuperSpeed in parallel with the USB 2.0 bus.

·         USB-A (Type A)

Less common than type B, USB A devices are nearly square in shape and are typically used for wired mice and keyboards (you can see the image on the bottom).

·         USB-B (Type B)

This rectangular connector approximately 1.4 cm (9/16 in) length by 0.65 cm (1/4 in) height is commonly found on routers, computers, printers and game consoles. USB sticks normally feature USB-B connectors also (you can see the image on the bottom).

·         USB Type C

With dimensions of 0.84 cm by 0.26cm, this newer standard is designed to replace both A and B with smaller ports to better support the thinner form factors of mobile devices (you can see the image on the bottom). 

·         USB Micro

Recognized by the USB-IF, this connector can be found on newer mobile devices such as cellphones, GPS units, PDAs and digital cameras. Micro-USB A offers a connection physically smaller in size to a USB Mini-b, while still supporting the high speed transfer rate of 480 Mbps and On-The-Go features. The connection can be easily identified by its white-colored receptacle and compact 5 pin design (you can see the image on the top).

·         USB Mini

This 5-pin Mini-b is the most popular style of Mini-b connector, and the only one recognized by the USB-IF. By default, a Mini-b cable is presumed to have 5 pins. This connector is quite small, about two-thirds the width of an A-style connector. It is also specified for use in the newer standard called USB On-The-Go which allows peripheral devices to communicate with the presence of a host controller.

·         PS/2

Often referred to as the mouse port or keyboard port, the PS/2 port was developed by IBM and is used to connect a computer mouse or keyboard to an IBM compatible computer. The PS/2 port is a mini DIN plug that contains six pins and is still sometimes found on all IBM compatible computers.

·         Ethernet

Originally known as Alto Aloha Network, Ethernet is a widely used local-area network (LAN) protocol created by Xerox PARC in 1973 by Robert Metcalfe and others (U.S. Patent # 4,063,220). Being the first network to provide Carrier Sense Multiple Access / Collision Detection (CSMA/CD), Ethernet is a fast and reliable network solution that is still widely used today.

·         RJ45

A registered jack (RJ) is a standardized physical network interface for connecting telecommunications or data equipment. The physical connectors that registered jacks use are mainly of the modular connector and 50-pin miniature ribbon connector types. The most common twisted-pair connector is an 8-position, 8-contact (8P8C) modular plug and jack commonly referred to as an RJ45 connector.

·         10 Ethernet speed

10BASE-T AKA 802.3i standardized in 1990, requires two twisted pairs and allows for maximum transmission rates of 10 megabits per second

·         100 Ethernet speed

100BASE-TX AKA 802.3u standardized in 1995, requires two twisted pairs and allows for maximum transmission rates of 100 megabits per second in each direction (from your PC to the switch, and vice versa)

·         1000 Ethernet speed

1000BASE-T AKA 802.3ab standardized in 1999, requires four twisted pairs and allows for maximum transmission rates of 1,000 megabits per second (one gigabit) in each direction.

·         Serial port

Port or serial port is a digital data communications interface, frequently used by computers and peripherals, where information is transmitted bit by bit, sending only one bit at a time; in contrast to the parallel port that sends several bits simultaneously.

·         Parallel port

It is an interface between a computer and a peripheral. The parallel port transmits the information byte by byte, that is to say that the 8 bits of data that form a byte travel together. An example of a parallel port is the port of the printer.

·         External Sata

Type M physical interface, for data transmission between the computer and external mass storage devices.

9)      Video ports

·         S-Video

Is a signaling standard for standard definition video, typically 480i or 576i. By separating the black-and-white and coloring signals, it achieves better image quality than composite video, but has lower color resolution than component video.

·         HDMI

Is a proprietary audio/video interface for transmitting uncompressed video data and compressed or uncompressed digital audio data from an HDMI-compliant source device, such as a display controller, to a compatible computer monitor, video projector, digital television, or digital audio device.HDMI is a digital replacement for analog video standards.

·         VGA

Is a three-row 15-pin DE-15 connector. The 15-pin VGA connector was provided on many video cards, computer monitors, laptop computers, projectors, and high definition television sets. On laptop computers or other small devices, a mini-VGA port was sometimes used in place of the full-sized VGA connector.

·         DVI

Is a video display interface developed by the Digital Display Working Group (DDWG). The digital interface is used to connect a video source, such as a video display controller, to a display device, such as a computer monitor.

·         Scard (Or Euroconector)

A SCART connector is a physical and electrical interconnection between two pieces of audio-visual equipment, such as a television set and a video cassette recorder (VCR). Each device has a female 21-pin connector interface. A cable with a male plug at each end is used to connect the devices. (The 21st pin is actually not a pin but a ground shield contact.) Stereo audio, composite video, and control signals are provided in both directions.

·         Display port

Is a digital display interface developed by a consortium of PC and chip manufacturers and standardized by the Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA). The interface is primarily used to connect a video source to a display device such as a computer monitor, and it can also carry audio, USB, and other forms of data.

·         Mini Display port

Is a miniaturized version of the DisplayPort audio-visual digital interface. The Mini DisplayPort is also fitted to some PC motherboards, and some PC notebooks from Asus, Microsoft, MSI, Lenovo, Toshiba, HP, Dell, and other manufacturers.

10)      Monitor

·         CRT

Is the technology used in traditional computer monitors and televisions. The image on a CRT display is created by firing electrons from the back of the tube to phosphors located towards the front of the display. Once the electrons hit the phosphors, they light up and are projected on the screen. The color you see on the screen is produced by a blend of red, blue, and green light, often referred to as RGB.

·         LCD

Light Emitting Diode or Organic LED works without a backlight.

A liquid crystal display (LCD) monitor is a computer monitor or display that uses LCD technology to show clear images, and is found mostly in laptop computers and flat panel monitors. This technology has replaced the traditional cathode ray tube (CRT) monitors, which were the previous standard and once were considered to have better picture quality than early LCD variants. With the introduction of better LCD technology and its continuous improvement, LCD is now the clear leader over CRT, in terms of color and picture quality, not to mention capabilities for large resolutions. Also, LCD monitors may be made much more cheaply than CRT monitors.

·         Plasma display

A plasma display is a computer video display in which each pixel on the screen is illuminated by a tiny bit of plasma or charged gas, somewhat like a tiny neon light. Plasma displays are thinner than cathode ray tube ( CRT ) displays and brighter than liquid crystal displays ( LCD ). Plasma displays are sometimes marketed as "thin-panel" displays and can be used to display either analog video signals or display modes digital computer input.

·         LED

Is a flat panel display, which uses an array of light-emitting diodes as pixels for a video display. Their brightness allows them to be used outdoors where they are visible in the sun for store signs and billboards, and in recent years they have also become commonly used in destination signs on public transport vehicles, as well as variable-message signs on highways.

·         Oled

Is a light-emitting diode (LED) in which the emissive electroluminescent layer is a film of organic compound that emits light in response to an electric current.

OLEDs are used to create digital displays in devices such as television screens, computer monitors, portable systems such as mobile phones, handheld game consoles and PDAs. A major area of research is the development of white OLED devices for use in solid-state lighting applications.

·         Amoled

AMOLED (active matrix OLED) is a screen technology based on pixels made of tiny red, blue and green organic material-based light emitting diodes (OLEDs).

Active matrix denotes a thin film transistor system in which each individual pixel luminesces on activation and the screen is drawn all at once each time it refreshes. Active matrix displays provide a more responsive image at a wider range of viewing angle than dual scan (passive matrix) displays.

·         Super Amoled

Samsung's Super-AMOLED displays use a Pentile matrix sub-pixel design. That means that the green sub-pixel is shared by two pixels and the display has only 2 sub-pixels per real 'pixel' compared to the classic RGB matrix design (or Real-Stripe).

11)      Screen resolution

·         HD

HD basically entails a resolution that is higher than the standard. Originally, HD referred to videos that had more than 480 horizontal lines or 570 lines; 480 horizontal lines in North America and 570 lines in Europe. The numbers correspond to the lines of pixels that are displayed horizontally. While the video images of more than 480 horizontal lines or 570 lines are still technically considered as high-definition, in today’s world HD generally refers to images with 720 horizontal lines or more.

·         HDR

When cameras are shooting in HDR, they’re typically taking multiple exposures to highlight the dark and light information in a scene. From there, processing is used to combine the exposures into one picture to deliver a balanced image that’s more representative of how we, as humans, perceive light and color.

HDR on TVs also aims to represent colors in a more realistic way, but instead of using image processing to combine exposures together, it simply uses panels that offer a much wider color gamut compared to standard RGB TVs.

·         Full HD

Is a set of HDTV high-definition video modes characterized by 1080 horizontal lines of vertical resolution; the p stands for progressive scan, i.e. non-interlaced. The term usually assumes a widescreen aspect ratio of 16:9, implying a resolution of 2.1 megapixels. It is often marketed as full HD, to contrast 1080p with 720p resolution screens.

·         WUXGA

In mixed graphics/video applications, WUXGA projectors are unique in that they can display full 1080p video sources at native resolution and still have extra pixels to incorporate graphical elements such as control strips, text, company logos and more. This is an excellent solution for post-production professionals or even a high-end digital signage application.

·         2K

Before "4K" became common, you'd almost never see "2K." It was pretty much just a cinema resolution, which is why you'll sometimes see used to refer to a "master format." Most digital cinema projectors used in theaters are 2K resolution (some are less). It's 2,048 pixels wide, and again, no vertical resolution is specified by the DCI.

·         4K

4K has become the common consumer friendly name for ultra high definition television (UHDTV) but technically it is not 4K. Consumer 4K resolution of 3840 x 2160 (at a 16:9, or 1.78:1 aspect ratio) differs from the industry standard of 4096 x 2160 (at a 1.9:1 aspect ratio), and it is quite large compared to both 2k and 1080p so if you are planning to buy one go ahead but check your CPU's power output first.

·         8K

8K refers to the largest resolution available in digital displays, cinematography  and cameras. Like 2K and 4K it refers to horizontal width in the order of 8000 pixels, as of now there is no 16K so everything above 8K is called 8K

8K UHD has four times the horizontal and vertical resolution of the 1080p HDTV format, with sixteen times as many pixels overall, but their use is limited by the internet's capability to carry data at such high rates.

12)      Firewire port

·         IEEE 1394

Is an interface standard for a serial bus for high-speed communications and isochronous real-time data transfer.

The copper cable it uses in its most common implementation can be up to 4.5 metres (15 ft) long. Power is also carried over this cable, allowing devices with moderate power requirements to operate without a separate power supply.

·         Sound Jack 3.5 Mono and Stereo

-          Sound jack 3 5 mm mono (ts)

This then mixes the signals so that the left channel jack doubles as a mono output. Where a 3.5 mm or 2.5 mm jack is used as a DC power inlet connector, a switch contact may be used to disconnect an internal battery whenever an external power supply is connected, to prevent incorrect recharging of the battery.

-          Sound jack 3 5 mm stereo (trs)

In the UK the term stereo jack plug is probably the most common, even for connectors not used to carry stereo signals. The term TRS is particularly appropriate to distinguish these three-conductor (stereo) plugs used in other than stereo applications.

·         Thunderbolt

Is a new connection for peripherals, high-speed data transmission, high-definition video, and up to 10 W of power

·         TOSLINK

It is generally used for the interconnection of audio equipment, although it supports different formats, both physical and data

·         RCA

Is a transmitter of analog video signals, between the computer and video devices compatible with such connector.

·         S/PDIF

Protocol Consists of a hardware-level protocol for the transmission of digital audio signals modulated in PCM between devices and stereo components.

·         USB Type C

With dimensions of 0.84 cm by 0.26cm, this newer standard is designed to replace both A and B with smaller ports to better support the thinner form factors of mobile devices.

13)      Processors (Microprocessor)

A microprocessor is an integrated circuit (IC) which incorporates core functions of a computer’s central processing unit (CPU). It is a programmable multipurpose silicon chip, clock driven, register based, accepts binary data as input and provides output after processing it as per the instructions stored in the memory.

·         Socket

Motherboards are subcategorized by the type of processor socket they have. The processor socket (also called a CPU socket) is the connector on the motherboard that houses a CPU and forms the electrical interface and contact with the CPU. Processor sockets use a pin grid array (PGA) where pins on the underside of the processor connect to holes in the processor socket. Computers based on the Intel x86 architecture include socket processors.

·         Multicore

Multicore refers to an architecture in which a single physical processor incorporates the core logic of more than one processor. A single integrated circuit is used to package or hold these processors. These single integrated circuits are known as a die. Multicore architecture places multiple processor cores and bundles them as a single physical processor. The objective is to create a system that can complete more tasks at the same time, thereby gaining better overall system performance.

14)      Microprocessors - Architectures of 32 and 64 bits.

·         32 bit Architecture

The 32-bit processor was the primary processor used in all computers until the early 1990s. Intel Pentium processors and early AMD processors were 32-bit, which means the operating system and software work with data units that are 32 bits wide. Windows 95, 98, and XP are all 32-bit operating systems.

·         64 bit Architecture

The 64-bit computer has been around since 1961 when IBM created the IBM 7030 Stretch supercomputer. However, it was not put into use in home computers until the early 2000s. Microsoft released a 64-bit version of Windows XP to be used on computers with a 64-bit processor. Windows Vista, Windows 7, and Windows 8 also come in 64-bit versions. Other software has been developed that is designed to run on a 64-bit computer, which are 64-bit based as well, in that they work with data units that are 64 bits wide.

15)      Processors

·         Intel

                           

-          Celeron

Is a brand name given by Intel to a number of different low-end IA-32 and x86-64 computer microprocessor models targeted at budget personal computers.

-          Pentium

Is a brand used for a series of x86 architecture-compatible microprocessors produced by Intel since 1993.

In their form as of November 2011, Pentium processors are considered entry-level products that Intel rates as "two stars".

-          Dual Core

Is a brand encompassing a range of Intel's consumer 64-bit x86-64 single-, dual-, and quad-core microprocessors based on the Core microarchitecture.

-          Series M, i3, i5, i7

ü  Core i3

Developed and manufactured by Intel, the Core i3 is a dual-core computer processor, available for use in both desktop and laptop computers. It is one of three types of processors in the "i" series (also called the Intel Core family of processors).

The Core i3 processor is available in multiple speeds, ranging from 1.30 GHz up to 3.50 GHz, and features either 3 MB or 4 MB of cache. It utilizes either the LGA 1150 or LGA 1155 socket on a motherboard. Core i3 processors are most often found as dual core, having two cores. However, a select few high-end Core i3 processors are quad core, featuring four cores.

ü  Core i5

Developed and manufactured by Intel, the Core i5 is a computer processor, available as dual-core or quad-core. It can be used in both desktop and laptop computers, and is one of three types of processors in the "i" series (also called the Intel Core family of processors).

The Core i5 processor is available in multiple speeds, ranging from 1.90 GHz up to 3.80 GHz, and it features 3 MB, 4 MB or 6 MB of cache. It utilizes either the LGA 1150 or LGA 1155 socket on a motherboard. Core i5 processors are most often found as quad core, having four cores. However, a select few high-end Core i5 processors feature six cores.

ü  Core i7

An Intel Corei7 is the fastest version of the Intel processor for consumer-end computers and devices. Like the Intel Corei5, the Corei7 is embedded with Intel Turbo Boost Technology. The Intel Corei7 is available in two- to six-core varieties, and can support up to 12 different threads simultaneously.

-          Itanium

Is a family of 64-bit Intel microprocessors that implement the Intel Itanium architecture (formerly called IA-64). Intel markets the processors for enterprise servers and high-performance computing systems. The Itanium architecture originated at Hewlett-Packard (HP), and was later jointly developed by HP and Intel.

-          Xeon

Is a brand of x86 microprocessors designed, manufactured, and marketed by Intel, targeted at the non-consumer workstation, server, and embedded system markets. It was introduced in June 1998.

·         AMD

                       

-          Athlon

Is the brand name applied to a series of x86-compatible microprocessors designed and manufactured by Advanced Micro Devices (AMD). The original Athlon (now called Athlon Classic) was the first seventh-generation x86 processor and was the first desktop processor to reach speeds of one gigahertz (GHz). It made its debut on June 23, 1999.

-          Sempron

Has been the marketing name used by AMD for several different budget desktop CPUs, using several different technologies and CPU socket formats.

-          Turion

Is the brand name AMD applies to its x86-64 low-power consumption (mobile) processors codenamed K8L.The Turion 64 and Turion 64 X2/Ultra processors compete with Intel's mobile processors, initially the Pentium M and the Intel Core and Intel Core 2 processors.

-          Phenom

Is a family of AMD's multi-core 45 nm processors using the AMD K10 microarchitecture, succeeding the original Phenom. Advanced Micro Devices released the Socket AM2+ version of Phenom II in December 2008, while Socket AM3 versions with DDR3 support, along with an initial batch of triple- and quad-core processors were released on February 9, 2009.

-          Fusion

AMD Fusion is a code name for AMD’s series of accelerated processing units (APUs), which combine the functions of a multicore CPU and a discrete DirectX 11-capable graphics card into a single die - an APU. This gives devices powered by the CPU greater processing power, especially in terms of graphics.

-          Bulldozer

Is a microprocessor microarchitecture for the FX and Opteron line of processors, developed by AMD for the desktop and server markets. Bulldozer is the codename for this family of microarchitectures. It was released on October 12, 2011 as the successor to the K10 microarchitecture.

-          Ryzen

The brand was introduced in 2017 with products implementing the Zen microarchitecture for the CPU, and the first Ryzen-branded products were officially announced during AMD's New Horizon summit on December 13, 2016.The second generation of Ryzen CPUs feature the Zen+ microarchitecture, built with 12nm process technology and were released on April 19, 2018.

-          Series A

ü  A2

A fantastic Windows® 10 experience.

ü  A4

The rich entertainment experience you expect from AMD.

ü  A6

Quad core performance and features for the ultimate gaming and entertainment experience.

ü  A8

Premium performance at a great value in today’s online games for Windows® 10.

-          Series FX

Is a series of high-end AMD microprocessors for personal computers debuted in 2011, claimed as AMD's first native 8-core desktop processor.The line was introduced with the Bulldozer microarchitecture at launch (CPU codename Zambezi), and was then succeeded by its derivative Piledriver in 2012 (codename Vishera).

16) RAM

·         DDR

The term “DDR” stands for Double Data Rate RAM. This term came into use at the turn of the century when the first Double Data Rate RAM modules arrived. Double Data Rate RAM was capable of two data transfers per clock cycle, giving it twice the theoretical peak bandwidth of previous SDRAM while running at the same clock speed.

·         DDR2

DDR2  is a random access memory technology used for high-speed storage of the working data of a computer or other digital electronic device. Its primary benefit is the ability to operate the external data bus twice as fast as DDR SDRAM. This is achieved by improved bus signaling, and by operating the memory cells at half the clock rate (one quarter of the data transfer rate), rather than at the clock rate as in the original DDR. DDR2 memory at the same clock speed as DDR will provide the same bandwidth but markedly higher latency, providing worse performance.

·         DDR3

DDR3 memory reduces 40% power consumption compared to current DDR2 modules, allowing for lower operating currents and voltages (1.5 V, compared to DDR2`s 1.8 V or DDR`s 2.5 V). DDR3`s prefetch buffer width is 8 bit, whereas DDR2`s is 4 bit, and DDR`s is 2 bit. The prefetch buffer is a memory cache located on modern RAM modules which stores data before it is actually needed.

·         DDR4

Finding details about DDR4 that can succinctly describe the difference isn't a particularly simple task.  What I can find so far is that DDR4 runs on a lower voltage than DDR3, is capable of running at a higher clock speed (typical DDR3 is 1600MHz for desktop, 1333 for laptop, while typical DDR4 may be 1866 for laptop and 2133 for desktop), and can more easily come in much more dense packages (DDR3 maxes out at 16GB/DIMM slot, DDR4 may end up maxing out at 128GB/DIMM slot). DDR4 even lower voltage and higher device densities (upto 2GB in a channel, table below) and faster bus speeds.

·         Low Voltage

Is a voltage range that carries a low risk of injury and is commonly under 100V. For example, if you were to touch a wire carrying a low voltage current with dry hands it is unlikely you would be electrocuted.

·         High Voltage

On the other hand is defined as anything above 100V that can potentially cause harm.

17)      Connectors

• SATA

SATA (pronounced say-da), short for Serial ATA (which is an abbreviation for Serial Advanced Technology Attachment), is an IDE standard first released in 2001 for connecting devices like optical drives and hard drives to the motherboard.

·         IDE

Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE) is a standard interface for connecting a motherboard to storage devices such as hard drives and CD-ROM/DVD drives. The original IDE had a 16-bit interface that connected two devices to a single-ribbon cable. This cost-effective IDE device carried its own circuitry and included an integrated disk drive controller. Prior to IDE, controllers were separate external devices.

18)      Expansion slots

·         AGP

This type of expansion slot was specifically designed to del with graphics adapters. In fact, AGP stands for Accelerated Graphics Port. Older PCs may sport this expansion slot, but the best video cards use PCI Express.

·         PCI

The PCI slot is the most common form of internal expansion for a PC.

·         PCI Express

The best type of expansion slot to have in your PC is the PCI Express, also written as PCIe. Without boring you, the PCI Express type of expansion slot communicates with the motherboard, and therefore with the microprocessor, both quickly and efficiently.

19)      Video card dedicated and integrated on the board

·         CrossFire bridge

Is a brand name for the multi-GPU technology by Advanced Micro Devices, originally developed by ATI Technologies.The technology allows up to four GPUs to be used in a single computer to improve graphics performance.

·         SLI bridges

Is a brand name for a multi-GPU technology developed by Nvidia for linking two or more video cards together to produce a single output. SLI is a parallel processing algorithm for computer graphics, meant to increase the available processing power.

20)      Means of transmission

·         WIFI

Is a technology for wireless local area networking with devices based on the IEEE 802.11 standards. Wi-Fi is a trademark of the Wi-Fi Alliance, which restricts the use of the term Wi-Fi Certified to products that successfully complete interoperability certification testing.

-          WIFI ( a/b )

Both of these Wi-Fi standards were able to provide very small bandwidth to transmit information, so standards 'a' and 'b' were quite unrealizable to use in today's modern world, so now they are not in existence

-          WIFI ( c )

Wi-Fi standard 'c' is currently the most common used standards which uses 2.4GHz frequency to communicate and transfer data. Standard 'c' is more tolerant to single interference compared to standard 'a/b' and theoretically, it's utmost transfer rate is 54Mbps.

21)      Cooling systems

·         Heatsink

A heatsink is a device that is attached to a microprocessor chip to keep it from overheating by absorbing its heat and dissipating it into the air. Generally, a microprocessor's temperature should not run in excess of 50-55 degrees Celsius while under a full load.

·         Fan

If you want to see a computer cooling fan, all you have to do is open up your computer. Every computer has a cooling fan inside the case, designed primarily to prevent the CPU from overheating. Cooling fans may bring cool air into the computer, draw hot air out of the computer, or as part of a heat sink, which is a special product designed to draw heat away from a particular computer component.

·         Liquid cooling

The final component of a liquid-cooling system is the liquid itself. Many people use distilled water, since tap water contains contaminants that can cloud the system or clog the channels in the water blocks and radiator. Specialized additives can add color to the fluid, making it more visually appealing when used in a clear case.

22)       

·         Hard Drives Connections

-          SATA

Hard drives with a Serial ATA (SATA) connector were introduced to replace IDE, and Enhanced IDE (Parallel ATA) drives. SATA removes the master-slave relationship between parallel hard drives, with each driving connecting to the motherboard using its own SATA adapter.

-          IDE

Short for Integrated Drive Electronics or IBM Disc Electronics, IDE is more commonly known as ATA or Parallel ATA (PATA). It is a standard interface for IBM compatible hard drives and CD or DVD drives. IDE is different than SCSI and Enhanced Small Device Interface (ESDI) because its controllers are on each drive, meaning the drive can connect directly to the motherboard or controller.

·         Technologies

-          HDD

A computer hard disk drive (HDD) is the mechanism that controls the positioning, reading and writing of the hard disk, which furnishes data storage.

-          SCSI

Is a set of standards for physically connecting and transferring data between computers and peripheral devices. The SCSI standards define commands, protocols, electrical, optical and logical interfaces. SCSI is most commonly used for hard disk drives and tape drives, but it can connect a wide range of other devices, including scanners and CD drives, although not all controllers can handle all devices.

-          SSD

A solid-state drive (SSD) is a nonvolatile storage device that stores persistent data on solid-state flash memory. Solid-state drives actually aren't hard drives in the traditional sense of the term, as there are no moving parts involved.

-          SSHD

SSHD stand for solid-state hybrid drive. It's a traditional hard disk with a small amount of solid-state storage built in, typically 8GB or so. The drive appears as a single device to Windows (or any other operating system), and a controller chip decides which data is stored on the SSD and what's left on the HDD.

23)  Multi Card Reader PC (SM, SD, MS (Memory Stick), Memory Stick PRO (MS-PRO), MS-Duo, microSD, miniSD, Multi Media Card (MMC), eSATA)

A memory card reader is a data storage device for accessing (reading) data on a memory card, such as: Compact Flash (CF), Secure Digital (SD) or MultiMediaCard (MMC). It is an input peripheral.

Most card readers also offer writing capability, and along with the card, this can function as a USB flash drive or pen drive.

Some printers and personal computers have a built-in card reader.

24) Reading and Burning Units (CD, DVD, BlueRay).

A disk unit refers to the data storage device or device that performs read or write operations on disk-shaped storage media or media.

25) Joystick, Control Controls, Headbands, Microphone.

Joystick Control lever that allows to move manually, and very quickly, the cursor on a computer screen or video game; it is used especially in gaming software.

Also called wireless telephone headsets or wireless diadem, are portable transducer devices, which allows the transformation of electric power to sound, so that the user can isolate themselves from the sound of the medium and thereby have the audio in a personal way, through a few small speakers

Apparatus for transforming sound waves into electrical energy and vice versa in sound recording and reproduction processes; consists essentially of a diaphragm intermittently attracted by an electromagnet, which, when vibrating, modifies the current transmitted by the different pressures to a circuit.

26) Wired and Wireless Keyboard and Mouse (USB, PS / 2, Bluetooth, Wifi).

The mouse can be connected wired (PS / 2 and USB ports) or

Wirelessly (wireless or wireless communication, through an adapter

USB connects to the computer and sends the signal to the mouse, they can also be

medium bluetooth or infrared connectivity)

It is a wireless keyboard hence its name Wireless keyboard, created by and for

Macintosh computers compatible with systems that use iOS. Interact by

medium of Bluetooth technology unlike the wired keyboard, this does not have

USB port.

27) Stabilizers, UPS, IEC connector.

UPS), is a device that thanks to its batteries or other storage elements of

energy, during an electrical blackout can provide electrical power for a while

limited to all the devices you have connected.

28) Impact printers (Matrix, Non-Matrix), without impact (thermal, of

injection or ink jet, laser).

The impact printer is the type of printer that is based on the impact force

to transfer the ink to the medium or support (paper, transparencies, etc.) in a

similar to typewriters.

Impact printers are limited to reproducing text

Printers without impact: they cover all other types of printing mechanisms,

including: thermal printers, injection printers or jet printers

ink, laser printers

29) Toner, Cartridges, Continuous Ink Systems.

• Toner

Ink in the form of electrically charged powder, which is used to pigment paper in laser printers, photocopiers and fax machines.

• Cartridge

An ink cartridge or inkjet cartridge a replaceable assembly of a printer that contains the ink and, often, also the printhead itself that projects the ink onto the paper during printing

A continuous ink system, in English Continuous Ink Supply System (CISS), also known by the names inkjet in bulk, or simply Bulk kit (in English, "in batch").

 30) SBC reduced board computers (Arduino, Raspberry Pi, Orange Pi, Banana Pi)

It is a complete computer in a single circuit. The design focuses on a single microprocessor with RAM, I / O and all the other features of a functional computer on a single card that is usually small, and has everything you need on the motherboard